Foreign Intervention in Latin America

One of the recurring themes in Latin American history is that of foreign intervention. Like Africa, India, and the Middle East, Latin America has a long history of meddling by foreign powers, all of them European and North American. These interventions have profoundly shaped the character and history of the region. The Conquest The conquest of the Americas is probably the greatest act of foreign intervention in history. Between 1492 and 1550 or so, when most native dominions were brought under foreign control, millions died, entire peoples and cultures were wiped out, and the wealth gained in the New World propelled Spain and Portugal into golden ages. Within 100 years of Columbus first voyage, most of the New World was under the heel of these two European powers. The Age of Piracy With Spain and Portugal flaunting their newfound wealth in Europe, other countries wanted to get in on the action. In particular, the English, French, and Dutch all tried to capture valuable Spanish colonies and loot for themselves. During times of war, pirates were given official license to attack foreign ships and rob them. These men were called privateers. The Age of Piracy left profound marks in the Caribbean and coastal ports all over the New World. French Intervention in Mexico After the disastrous â€Å"Reform War† of 1857 to 1861, Mexico could not afford to pay off its foreign debts. France, Britain, and Spain all sent forces to collect, but some frantic negotiating resulted in the British and Spanish recalling their troops. The French stayed, however, and captured Mexico City. The famous Battle of Puebla, remembered on May 5, took place at this time. The French found a nobleman, Maximilian of Austria, and made him Emperor of Mexico in 1863. In 1867, Mexican forces loyal to President Benito Juà ¡rez retook the city and executed Maximilian. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine In 1823, American President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, warning Europe to stay out of the western hemisphere. Although the Monroe Doctrine did keep Europe at bay, it also opened the doors for American intervention in the business of its smaller neighbors. Due in part to the French intervention and also to a German incursion into Venezuela in 1901 and 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt took the Monroe doctrine one step further. He reiterated the warning to European powers to keep out, but also said that the U.S. would be responsible for all of Latin America. This frequently resulted in the U.S. sending troops to countries that could not afford to pay their debts, such as Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, all of which were at least partially occupied between 1906 and 1934. Halting the Spread of Communism Gripped by fear of spreading communism after World War II, the U.S. would often intervene in Latin America in favor of conservative dictators. One famous example took place in Guatemala in 1954, when the CIA ousted leftist president Jacobo Arbenz from power for threatening to nationalize some lands held by the United Fruit Company, which was owned by Americans. Among numerous other examples, the CIA later attempted to assassinate Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in addition to mounting the infamous Bay of Pigs invasion. The U.S. and Haiti The U.S. and Haiti have a complicated relationship dating back to the time both were colonies of England and France, respectively. Haiti has always been a troubled nation, vulnerable to manipulation by the powerful country not far to the north. From 1915 to 1934, the U.S. occupied Haiti, fearing political unrest. The U.S. has sent forces into Haiti as recently as 2004, ostensibly to stabilize the volatile nation after a contested election. Lately, the relationship has improved, with the U.S. sending humanitarian aid to Haiti after the destructive 2010 earthquake. Foreign Intervention in Latin America Today Times may have changed, but foreign powers are still very active in meddling in the affairs of Latin America. France still colonizes mainland South America (French Guiana) and, the U.S. and U.K. still control islands in the Caribbean. Many people believed that the CIA was actively trying to undermine the government of Hugo Chà ¡vez in Venezuela; Chà ¡vez himself certainly thought so. Latin Americans resent being bullied by foreign powers. It is their defiance of U.S. hegemony that has made folk heroes out of Chà ¡vez and Castro. However, unless Latin America gains considerable economic, political, and military might, circumstances are unlikely to change very much in the short term.

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1960 to 1964

This civil rights movement timeline chronicles important dates during the struggles second chapter, the early 1960s. While the fight for racial equality began in the 1950s, the non-violent techniques the movement embraced began to pay off during the following decade. Civil rights activists and students across the South challenged segregation, and the relatively new technology of television allowed Americans to witness the often brutal response to these protests. President Lyndon B. Johnson  successfully pushed through the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964, and a number of other groundbreaking events unfolded  between 1960 and 1964, the span covered by this timeline, leading up the tumultuous time of 1965 to 1969. 1960 Civil Rights Sit-In at John A Brown Company. Oklahoma Historical Society / Getty Images On Feb. 1, four young African American men, students at North Carolina Agriculture and Technical College, go to a Woolworth in Greensboro, N.C., and sit down at a whites-only lunch counter. They order coffee. Despite being denied service, they sit silently and politely at the lunch counter until closing time. Their action marks the start of the Greensboro sit-ins, which sparks similar protests all over the South.On April 15, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee holds its first meeting.On July 25, the downtown Greensboro Woolworth desegregates its lunch counter after six months of sit-ins.On Oct. 19, Martin Luther King Jr.  joins a student sit-in at a whites-only restaurant inside of an Atlanta department store, Richs. He is arrested along with 51 other protesters on the charge of trespassing. On probation for driving without a valid Georgia license (he had an Alabama license), a Dekalb County judge sentences King to four months in prison doing hard labor. Presidential con tender John F. Kennedy phones Kings wife, Coretta, to offer encouragement, while the candidates brother, Robert Kennedy, convinces the judge to release King on bail. This phone call convinces many African Americans to support the Democratic ticket.On Dec. 5, the Supreme Court hands down a 7-2 decision in the Boynton v. Virginia case, ruling that segregation on vehicles traveling between states is unlawful because it violates the Interstate Commerce Act. 1961 Policemen await to arrest Freedom Riders. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images On May 4, the Freedom Riders, composed of seven African American and six white activists, leave Washington, D.C., for the rigidly segregated Deep South. Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), their goal is to test Boynton v. Virginia.On May 14, Freedom Riders, now traveling in two separate groups, are attacked outside Anniston, Ala. and in Birmingham, Ala. A mob throws a firebomb onto the bus in which the group near Anniston is riding. Members of the Ku Klux Klan attack the second group in Birmingham after making an arrangement with the local police to allow them 15 minutes alone with the bus.On May 15, the Birmingham group of Freedom Riders is prepared to continue their trip down south, but no bus will agree to take them. They fly to New Orleans instead.On May 17, a new group of young activists join two of the original Freedom Riders to complete the trip. They are placed under arrest in Montgomery, Ala.On May 29, President Kennedy announces that he has ordered the Inte rstate Commerce Commission to enact stricter regulations and fines for buses and facilities that refuse to integrate. Young white and black activists continue to make Freedom Rides.In November, civil rights activists participate in a series of protests, marches, and meetings in Albany, Ga., that come to be known as the Albany Movement.In December, King comes to Albany and joins the protesters, staying in Albany for another nine months. 1962 James Meredith Registering at the University of Mississippi. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images On Aug. 10, King announces that he is leaving Albany. The Albany Movement is considered a failure in terms of effecting change, but what King learns in Albany allows him to be successful in Birmingham.On Sept. 10, the Supreme Court rules that the University of Mississippi must admit African American student and veteran James Meredith.On Sept. 26, the governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, orders state troopers to prevent Meredith from entering Ole Misss campus.Between Sept. 30 and Oct. 1, riots erupt over Merediths enrollment at the University of Mississippi, or Ole Miss.On Oct. 1, Meredith becomes the first African American student at Ole Miss after President Kennedy orders U.S. marshals to Mississippi to ensure his safety. 1963 Bettmann Archive / Getty Images King, SNCC and the  Southern Christian Leadership Conference  (SCLC) organize a series of 1963 civil rights demonstrations and protests to challenge segregation in Birmingham.On April 12, Birmingham police arrest King for demonstrating without a city permit.On April 16, King writes his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail in which he responds to eight white Alabama ministers who urged him to end the protests and be patient with the judicial process of overturning segregation.On June 11, President Kennedy delivers a speech on civil rights from the Oval Office, specifically explaining why he sent the National Guard to allow the admittance of two African American students into the University of Alabama.On June 12, Byron De La Beckwith assassinates  Medgar Evers, the first field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Mississippi.On Aug. 18, James Meredith graduates from Ole Miss.On Aug. 28, the  March on Washington for Jobs and Fre edom  is held in D.C. Around 250,000 people participate, and King delivers his legendary  I Have a Dream speech.On Sept. 15, the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham is bombed. Four young girls are killed.On Nov. 22,  Kennedy is assassinated, but his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, uses the nations anger to push through civil rights legislation in Kennedys memory. 1964 President Lyndon Johnson Signs Civil Rights Act. PhotoQuest / Getty Images On March 12,  Malcolm X  leaves the Nation of Islam. Among his reasons for the break is Elijah Muhammads ban on protesting for Nation of Islam adherents.Between June and August, SNCC organizes a voter registration drive in Mississippi known as Freedom Summer.On June 21,  three Freedom Summer workers--Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, and Andrew Goodman--disappear.On Aug. 4, the bodies of Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman are found in a dam. All three had been shot, and the African American activist, Chaney, had also been badly beaten.On June 24, Malcolm X  founds  the Organization of Afro-American Unity along with John Henrik Clarke. Its aim is to unite all Americans of African descent against discrimination.On July 2, Congress passes the  Civil Rights Act of 1964, which bans discrimination in employment and public places.In July and August, riots break out in Harlem and Rochester, N.Y.On Aug. 27, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDM), which formed to challenge the segregated state Democratic Party, sends a delegation to the  National Democratic Convention in Atlantic City, N.J.  They ask to represent Mississippi at the convention.  Activist Fannie Lou Hamer, spoke publicly and her speech was broadcast nationally by media outlets.  Offered two nonvoting seats at the  convention, in turn, the MFDM delegates reject the proposal. Yet all was not lost. By the 1968 election, a clause was adopted requiring equal representation from all state delegations.On Dec. 10, the Nobel Foundation awards King the  Nobel Peace Prize. Updated by African-American History Expert, Femi Lewis.

Canopic Stopper of King Tut Free Essays

It is very useful for those, who study history, archeology or other related subject, to support their knowledge and understanding with some visual materials. In such cases, visiting some geographical territories of historical events, or archeological museum, or an exhibition of antique arts would be perfect help for better picturing of realistic details and environment of ancient times. The exhibition of the treasures of Egyptian King Tut, which were revealed during the discovery of his Tomb in the beginning of XX century, is a perfect example of visual support for those, who are interested in history and culture of Ancient Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Canopic Stopper of King Tut or any similar topic only for you Order Now A lot of different statuettes, busts, vases, elements of decorations, etc. from those times were presented at the exhibition in Los Angeles County Museum of Arts. But I was especially fascinated with a little bust from the canopic chest of King Tut, made of delicately patterned transparent calcite. This elegant bust reproduces King Tut himself wearing the nemes head-dress. The creators of it used subtle black and red paints to underline facial details of good-looking Egyptian king: his big eyes, eyebrows and lips, demonstrating feminized nature of this person. Traditionally, the face of King Tut is presented with decorations of protective cobra and vulture, appearing from his head-dress. This small statuette is typical exemplar of Egyptian ancient art, which is characterized with features of early frontalism: every picture (in painting) or figure (in sculpture) was presented in rigid and formal posture. This bust was found in a shrine of King Tut, on a magnificent canopic chest made of alabaster and gorgeously decorated with golden staples. There were, actually, four of such busts, which were located in every corner of the chest and served as stoppers. These stoppers were sealing four compartments of the chest, in which four miniature anthropomorphic coffins, containing mummified inner organs of the king, were stored. King Tut (Tutankhamen) is one of the most known and recognizable pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. He was the Ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egyptian Kings, who started his reign in the age of 9 and died at the age of 19. Certainly, he ruled under supervision and control of his adult advisers: in particular, his vizier and future successor Ay. The main social reconstruction, made by King Tut, is conversion of heretical Atenism, launched by his predecessor King Akhenaton, to previous traditional ancient Egyptian religion. Causes of his death still remain unknown, and there are some suggestions on this issue. Some specialists consider him to be murdered; the others consider his death to be accidental. After watching this sculpture of young pharaoh for some long period of time, first of all, I started paying more attention on its divine material. This transparent calcite is called Egyptian alabaster, which was, probably, enriched with some phosphoric materials. That is why the bust looks so lucid and shining, as if time did not touch it at all. I noticed that in this magic shining the representation of King Tut looked exceptionally graciously, and he seemed to me to be very calm and friendly as a person. The more I watched, the more I could realize, how different it is to see figures and statues in real dimensions, not as reproductions in the books. This way so many details, like features of the face, head position, profile line, vivid natural colors, and so on, can be better observed and considered. There is no printed picture, which can properly show the light, color, shape or delicacy of ancient artworks. So, if we want to receive some good idea about such treasures, we have to see them live. That is why such exhibitions are extremely popular and always crowded. There are many known representations and images of King Tut, which remained from ancient times. Recently the revolutionary event took place, when the team of Egyptian, American and French specialists managed to receive a new facial image of Tutankhamen. It was presented in three-dimensional CT scans of the Pharaoh’s skull, but the only uncertainty was left, which is the tone of King Tut’s skin. Of course, such researches are priceless. But, to my mind, there is no better imagination of a historical personage, than the one, which can be received from observing original artworks and genuine historical materials. After visiting this exhibition, I have formed my own clear picture of this Egyptian legendary king in my mind, which, I suppose, is not very different from his real appearance and character. Bibliography: â€Å"Canopic Stopper of King Tut.† King Tut. King Tut Exhibition, Los Angeles County Museum of Arts. 8 Nov. 2005 ;http://www.kingtut.org/gallery/Gold_57.htm;. â€Å"Tutankhamen.† Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia Online. 6 Nov. 2005. 8 Nov. 2005 ;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Tut;. ; How to cite Canopic Stopper of King Tut, Essay examples

Corporate Advances Accounting and Reporting

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Advances Accounting and Reporting. Answer: Introduction: In accounting, entries consisting of the for-profit as well as non-profit company include several types of assets. Such assets can be segmented in several sections and they can either be generated by or employed for everydays operational conducts of the organizations that are deemed current assets. Fixed assets are deemed to be the ones those can be employed for over many financial years. Other than the fixed and the current assets, ample organizations include several intellectual properties that include copyright assets, trademarks and many more (Fernandes et al. 2016). This also includes assets that have emerged from the acquisition of numerous organizations or from the popularity among the consumers along with brand and goodwill. Such assets can be directly employed for gaining more revenue that also facilitates the organizations to enhance the companys profit or revenue. Numerous assets those does not seem physical and are impossible to be gauged in units are considered as intang ible assets. Such assets are maintained in the books of the organization as per the sum append in order to purchase certain assets. Conversely, it has been noticed that along with the time that real value of the assets starts to decrease considerably. The accounting companies employs impairment at the time the real value along with decreased amount is presented along with impairment A/c. certain loss for this decrease in the asset value is deemed as impairment loss. The asset value alterations based on several factors and there exists certain common aspects those are applicable in numerous assets, however, certain factors results in decreasing the value of certain particular assets (Olante 2013). Vales of the tools, equipments and machineries rely on its uses and manufacturing capability. The more such assets are employed for the production the more it is likely that its upcoming production capability might decrease. However, because of the emergence of modern equipments and machineries, several older equipments and machineries decreases its high market value along with turning out to be obsolete. The land value gradually increases with time. It can also decrease because of the transformation of the locality importance, emergence of new cities, over population and changes in the public or political centers and so on. The patent rights along with the trademarks tend to decrease value after emergence of modern technology or alterations in consumer choices. Goodwill serves as additional value that is falsified while any organizational acquisition. At the time the value of the acquired assets reduces, the goodwill value in purchasing such assets also decreases considerably. In the recent era, the organizations need to signify the financial reports as per the stakeholder needs. Several stakeholders encompass distinct interest types in the organization. They evaluate the fiscal reports from numerous point-of-views. The accounting standards board along with the government signifies huge importance on the shareholders interest (Andrews 2012). For this reason, they desire that the organizations financial reports particularly of the listed organizations must represent fair and accurate values of liabilities and assets. An organization might have acquired expensive machinery before five years. In the recent era, the machinerys market value has turned out to be half of its areal cost because of emergence of modern machineries at low prices. Moreover, if an organization presents the cost price of certain machinery in financial report then it can indicate all assts at over-valued prices ad for this reason this cannot be able to reflect the organizations true and fair value. The stakeholders those are interested in valuation of assets of organization for investment that can consider it to be an efficient investment option. If the organizations does not indicate the assets fair value and for this reason the shareholders can take faulty decisions relied on over-valued financial statements. For gaining the stakeholders interest, the accounting standards boards has presented the impairment concept. The accounting standard and the government have offered clear instruction for asset impairment along with generating financial statements after introducing several accounting standards and government policies (Avallone and Quagli 2015). The impairment takes place at the time the assets carrying amount is increased than its recoverable amount. Carrying amount is recorded in the assts books of accounts. It can be explained as the assets regarding the amount of accounting. Such amount explains the asset cost that has been purchased and the asset value and depreciating it in consideration to suitable depreciation techniques. There are two types of recoverable amounts and an organization can select the asset fair value to be as recoverable amount after reducing the required expenses that is anticipated to be experienced by an asset. Another recoverable amount can be the value of assets. Value can be explained as the net cash flow that is anticipated to be collected from asset in upcoming years. If the two values are present in accordance to IAS 36, it is effective in choosing higher among the two values (Rennekamp et al. 2014). Considering IAS 36, impairment loss can be measured through reducing the asset recoverable amount from the asset-carrying amount. Impairment less is debited in accordance to the respective asset for reducing the asset book value and maintains the asset accounting amount has decreased value. Such impairment loss is adjusted with the P/L account along with income statement at the year-end and this is depicted as non-operating loss within income statement. If the organization sustains Revaluation Surplus A/c then the Impairment Loss A/c can be credited with Revaluation Surplus A/c, which directly decreases the overall shareholder equity amount. For an asset group that is generally considered as Cash Generating Units that encompass the goodwill generated from such assets acquisition, the impairment loss is not adjusted accordingly. It was gathered that the overall value of the CGU units requires being impaired and in such scenario, the impairment loss can be calculated as the aforementioned method (Komissarov et al. 2014). Moreover, it was adjusted along with the Goodwill A/c. If certain balance is left after adjusting with the goodwill, then the balance amount is aligned with CGU assets relied on the asset book value. References: Andrews, R.C., 2012.Impairment of assets: an empirical investigation(Doctoral dissertation, University of Hull). Avallone, F. and Quagli, A., 2015. Insight into the variables used to manage the goodwill impairment test under IAS 36.Advances in Accounting,31(1), pp.107-114. Chen, W., Shroff, P.K. and Zhang, I., 2014. Fair value accounting: consequences of booking market-driven goodwill impairment.29(2), pp.243-254. Fernandes, J.S.A., Gonalves, C., Guerreiro, C. and Pereira, L.N., 2016. Impairment losses: causes and impacts.Revista Brasileira de Gesto de Negcios,18(60), p.305. Huian, M., 2013. Stakeholders participation in the development of the new accounting rules regarding the impairment of financial assets.Business Management Dynamics,2(9), pp.23-35. Komissarov, S., Kastantin, J.T. and Rick, K., 2014. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: A Comparison under the ASC and IFRS.The CPA Journal,84(5), p.28. Olante, M.E., 2013. Overpaid acquisitions and goodwill impairment lossesEvidence from the US.Advances in Accounting,29(2), pp.243-254. Rennekamp, K., Rupar, K.K. and Seybert, N., 2014. Impaired judgment: The effects of asset impairment reversibility and cognitive dissonance on future investment.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.739-759.