Gas Turbine

Types of ventilation – Induced draft ventilation – Turbine ,Acc module – Positive ventilation- LGB, Exhaust Ventilation System Design features †¢ Induced Draft Ventilation †¢ Number of compartments †¢ Accessory compartment †¢ Turbine compartment †¢ Aft compartment †¢ Generator Enclosure †¢ 2 X 100 % Roof mounted centrifugal fans †¢ Auto change over †¢ Fan outlet gravity dampers, CO2 dampers and silencers provided †¢ Enclosure Air inlet hoods with filter panels †¢ Slow cool down fan provided for Turbine compartmentFan sizing Accessory compartment Heat load criteria: †¢ Q = Heat Rejection = 104000 (BTU/Hr) = 436. 8 ( Kcal/min) †¢ Design compartment temp – 600 C at ambient of 430 C †¢ Fan provided : 2 x 10,000 CFM at 3. 5 inch WC static pressure †¢ The calculated temp raise with selected air flow 7. 80 C †¢ Static Pressure selected considering drop across suction filter, inlet, ex it, silencer and ducting Number of air changes criteria: †¢ Volume Of the Acc Comp = 278 m3 †¢ Number of Air change/Hr = 60 (Meets NFPA and DEP 31. 29. 70. 31 requirements)Fan sizing Turbine compartment Heat load criteria: †¢ Q = Heat Rejection = 1273469 (BTU/Hr) = 5348 ( Kcal/min) †¢ Design compartment temp – 1200 C at ambient of 430 C †¢ Fan provided : 2 x 26,000 CFM at 3. 5 inch WC static pressure †¢ The calculated temp raise with selected air flow 300 C †¢ Static Pressure selected considering drop across suction filter, inlet, exit, silencer and ducting Number of air changes criteria: †¢ Volume Of the Acc Comp = 215 m3 †¢ Number of Air change/Hr = 185 (Meets NFPA and DEP 31. 29. 70. 31 requirements)Vent Fan Drawing Typical Accessory Compartment Fan Curve †¢ Fan BHP : 5. 53 kw †¢ Motor selected- 8 kw †¢ Motor Data: †¢ 4pole – 415V,3Ph TEFC †¢ Motor ambient Temp. 650 C †¢ Insulation class â₠¬â€œ H ( Temp raise limited to class B) †¢ Flame proof NEC Class 1 Div 2 Gr C&D Turbine Compartment Fan Curve †¢ Fan BHP : 15. 45 kw †¢ Motor selected- 19 kw †¢ Motor Data: †¢ 4pole – 415V,3Ph TEFC †¢ Motor ambient Temp. 650 C †¢ Insulation class – H ( Temp raise limited to class B) †¢ Flame proof NEC Class 1 Div 2 Gr C&D Exhaust Frame Blower (Fr6) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Two motor driven centrifugal Blowers Inlet screen & silencer Air to turbine shell, exhaust frame via strut passages (Annular space) Flow:2470 CFM with two fans in operation Emergency:1860 CFM with one fan in operation Motor rating :50HP GT Auxiliaries GT Auxiliaries EXHAUST FRAME BLOWERS EXHAUST FRAME BLOWER GT Auxiliaries MIST ELIMINATOR Removes oil mist entrained in the LO vapor – Flow rate 😕 SCFM – Demister pads(8No’s)-SS316 wire mesh – Coalescing filter element(99. 97% for droplets and particles 0. micron a nd larger) – Outlet oil content not more than 5ppm by weight – Centrifugal blowers (2 No’s) and motors(11kw each) OUT LET FILTER CASING INLET BLOWER & MOTOR GT Auxiliaries GT Auxiliaries MIST ELIMINATOR – High speed rotating machinery: High temperature and shearing action in bearings generates a large volume of very fine oil mist (droplets) plus a considerable amount of vapor – Oil mist and oil vapor is vented from the lube oil tank, it causes a visible plume – Stringent environmental laws and regulations at all government levels – Coalescers combine small aerosols through the filter media to form large droplets.

Expression versus expectations in Chekhov’s The lady with the pet dog

In The lady with the pet dog, Chekhov’s notion of romantic love coincides with his idea of the duplicitous self and society. Central to Chekhov’s discussion of romantic love is the individual and the institutions that define him (in particular, marital and domestic ones) which Chekhov sees as anything but intact. What whole is perceived on the surface is in reality a fragmented clumsily held together by bogus and empty morality tantamount to hypocrisy. In this case, the romantic impulse comes as a liberating and redeeming sensibility. However, Chekhov asserts, the survival, let alone existence of the romantic love is possible only in the dark—in the small, private (and forbidden) enclave away from the persecuting and prying eyes of the collective. Chekhov (2007) writes of Gurov, â€Å"†¦everything that in which he was sincere and did not deceive himself, everything that made the kernel of his life, was hidden from other people; and all that was false in him†¦all that was open† (chap. IV). Indeed what stands out in Chekhov’s work is the clash between individual sentiments and social expectations; defiance versus the norm, liberating passion as opposed to the stifling demands of pseudo-propriety. Such contestation of values is played out in the characters of Anna Sergeyevna and Dmitri Gurov. Both are trapped and paralyzed by their family and marriages, relationships which are more nominal than actual. Both suffer from a breakdown of communication with their partners and more importantly, their selves. Hence, the disruption of self-expression. Their efforts toward self-definition and determination are brutally countered by the conventions of their sexuality and status. As a result, what occurs is an extinction of their personality and consequently, the imperilment of their love. In this climate, masks are the only means of self-preservation. Gurov, for one, is a man of several faces. His faà §ade appears to be in strict compliance with the behavioral codes attendant of his class and gender. His misogynistic gestures belie his genuine nature. He â€Å"always spoke ill of women, and when they are talked about in his presence, used to call them the lower race†¦. yet he could not get on for two days together without the ‘lower race’† (I). Convention, together with his pretensions, reduces Gurov to a flat and passive character. So flat, in fact, that his entire life and personality can be summed up by the following words: â€Å"He was under forty, but he had a daughter already twelve years old, and two sons at school† (I). In this respect, Gurov is a typical family man. He is head (or better yet, cog) of a family the stability and comfortability of which is owed more to economic and social factors than human warmth and understanding. The family stands for the simple reason that Gurov and his wife, no matter how superficially are playing their parts well. Paradoxically and yet, understandably, Gurov’s extra-marital affairs offer no significant threat to the solidity of his domestic sphere. His women are but fleeting muses, objects of a passion that fades just as quickly as it ignites. Such transient and cold encounters inevitably deteriorate: â€Å"†¦every intimacy which at first so agreeably diversifies life and appears a light and charming adventure, inevitably grows into a regular problem of extreme intricacy, and in the long run the situation becomes unbearable† (I). In a sense, Gurov’s relationships with other women are simply extensions of his mechanical family life. Gurov is deader than alive; older than his years. Despite his numerous preoccupations— â€Å"He already felt a longing to go to restaurants, clubs, dinner parties, anniversary celebrations†¦ entertaining distinguished lawyers and artists† (III)—his hunger for life and love remains unsatisfied. His romantic sensibility continues to stagnate. Gurov’s fate is a microscopic version of the spiritual inertia plaguing larger society. As Gurov laments, â€Å"What senseless nights, what uninteresting, uneventful days! The rage for card playing, the gluttony, the drunkenness, the continual talk always about the same thing† (III). Apparently the preoccupied life of the materially comfortable fail to fill the gaping hole within the individual, in this case, a premature organism at most. What intactness is gained through the observance of superficial social rituals is nothing but conformity and monotony. Gurov’s premature self translates to the frustration of his artistic sensibility. Gurov â€Å"had taken a degree in arts, but had a post in the bank; that he had trained as an opera singer, but ad given it up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I). Again, passion has given way to practicality and material considerations. Though practically nameless (indeed, one can only name her through Gurov, and partially at that), Gurov’s wife is far from being a peripheral and passive figure. She enters the story (one can even say, intrude) almost simultaneously as Gurov does. The first glimpse of Gurov is intertwined with that of her that one appears to be the foil of another. Chekhov’s description of her evokes strength (and to a degree, death and deadliness) uncommon of her sex: â€Å"†¦his wife seemed half as old again as he†¦. as she said of herself, intellectual. She read a great deal†¦he secretly considered her unintelligent, narrow inelegant, was afraid of her, and did not like to be at home† (I). His wife’s sense of individuality proves corrosive to their relationship. Not that Chekhov despises individuality in women, Anna’s struggle toward self-definition show otherwise. What makes Gurov’s wife’s fatal is that it consumes, by emasculating, Gurov. An individuality such as her hampers union and unity, disadvantageous to love. The juxtaposition of Gurov and his wife’s sensibility lays bare a glaring incongruity, symptomatic of the failure of their marital communication. The marital environment isolates them both. For Gurov â€Å"in his home it was impossible to talk of his love, and he had no one outside†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III). And when his wife catches on and reacts to   his hints on love: â€Å"†¦no one guessed what it meant; only his wife twitched her black eyebrows, and said: ‘The part of a lady-killer does not suit you at all, Dimitri’† (III). Their marital union is grounded on repulsion and revulsion. In stark contrast to his wife is the character of Anna Sergeyevna, whose individuality, at least in the beginning, is yet to be defined. Which is not to say that she is empty, for like Gurov, Anna is in search of a life above the mundane: â€Å"To live, to live!†¦ I was fired by curiosity†¦I could not control myself; something happened to me, I could not be restrained† (I). The amorphousness of Anna and Gurov serves as a point of connection, a common ground for them. Anna’s gradual progression from anonymity to indiviulaity is paradoxically combined in her identity as â€Å"the lady with the pet dog†. When Gurov’s â€Å"romance with an unknown woman† (I) unexpectedly escalates to full-blown romance – â€Å"that sweet delirium, that madness† (II) — Anna’s personality becomes indelible: â€Å"Anna did not visit him in dreams, but followed him about everywhere and haunted him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (II). Indeed, what marks Gurov’s love for Anna is its sense of permanence and identity. Anna’s face is not gobbled up by oblivion, nor does it fade in the crowd. To Gurov, she is the only â€Å"lady with the pet dog†. This sense of eternity is not bound to be challenged though. Society looms as a more powerful and sinister force in the lovers’ lives. Their love is taboo, a truth which they can only postpone but never defeat: â€Å"†¦it seemed to them that fate itself had meant them for one another, and they could not understand why he had a wife and she had a husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IV). Chekhov does not negate the potency, even necessity of genuine romantic love. He does not offer false hopes about it either. Gurov and Anna can only dwell in the present; what the future has to offer is far from hopeful: â€Å"†¦and it was clear to both that they still had a long road before them, and that the most complicated and difficult part is only just beginning† (IV). References Chekhov, A. (2007). The lady with the pet dog. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from   http://www.enotes.com/lady-pet-text.

Discuss some of the benefits and drawbacks of studying for a Essay

Discuss some of the benefits and drawbacks of studying for a university degree which spear to be more persuasive Refer to the - Essay Example University education not only provides expert knowledge, but also it gives individuals the practical skills needed to handle situations in the world. Thus, each university scholar has the chance to widen their viewpoint and enrich their own knowledge. An additional factor that drives the inspiration for university education is that; there exists a direct correlation between the level of schooling and the sum of income to which one is entitled. The traditional roles of universities were that of teaching and researching. University research has aided in the development of theoretical knowledge and its subsequent application in the practical field. Positions in the traditional universities were only privy to a select few. These select few were largely the cream of the community. Thus, these elite of the community busied themselves with research, which was conducted by the best students and few professors. Thus, these individuals locked themselves in ivory towers and succumbed to the pas sions of knowledge. The net effect of this was the total loss of contact with the society. This meant that the overall performance of these traditional universities took a nose dive. Performance of universities is measured by the improvement of quality of lives of the people it serves. Thus, the needs of the society should be at the center of a university’s activities. ... Additionally, there is an increasing demand for university education. Costs for educating a person are steadily rising with universities struggling to keep up with increasing demand. Critiques cite the fact that anything taught at the university can also be self taught. They reason that it is not practical to spend copious amounts of money on universities so that one can gain knowledge, which is widely available from other sources (LOVETT et al, 2004, p. 18). Critiques also state that no one professor has the divine knowledge that is injected to students once they attend the various lessons. Each student is required to put in effort so as to increase their knowledge in the respective fields. This statement is true in some sense. However, I do disagree with this half baked thought. In all endeavors of life, one cannot be sure of succeeding without the advice and counsel of a mentor. The instructor’s job is to ensure that you do not make mistakes and explain concepts that are di fficult to understand (MCMAHON 1999, p. 34). Without this vital input, a lot of time and energy is going to be spent at the said endeavor whose results cannot be guaranteed. It is with this fact in mind that a lot of individuals absorb this enormous financial cost for education. The role of the professors is to accelerate the duration of training thus saving on valuable time. Additionally, they ensure that each student has properly grasped the basic concepts lest ill-equipped individuals flood the job market (BINGLEY et al 2005, p. 71). An unfortunate scenario is when the training a person has sacrificed a lot for actually deems him or her ineligible of job position. This arises in cases of over qualification. This is when an individual is

The Use and Impact of Total Quality Management in the UK Business Literature review

The Use and Impact of Total Quality Management in the UK Business Sector - Literature review Example Introduction Over the last few decades in the U.K, quality management models have been used to improve on the performance of the firms. It is thus applied by these firms in realization of excellent results. The literature review here has discussed whether the quality management fosters change and flexibility of firms in trying to realize their set goals or whether on contrary it hinders the firm’s interest in their new developments. Consequently, quality management has evolved considerably hence it is very much vital to try to determine whether these practices have provided effective means in order to respond to the flexibility necessary in the new competitive conditions (Hariharan 2004). Research design A list of techniques was generated from various sources, which included textbook, scholarly works. The initial list included 13 techniques. These are the techniques applied. Balanced score card, cooperate social responsibility, customer surveys, improvement teams, mission and vision statements, employee suggestion scheme, lean, knowledge management, QMS, Six sigma, supplier evaluation, SWOT analysis, and 5S (Hariharan 2004). Questionnaire and Questionnaire administration The questionnaire included the following questions on how quality management has been used in the following principles in the company. 1) Employee involvement 2) Company culture 3) Executive management 4) Company decision-making and continuous improvement. (Fahey 1997). First of all, a covering e-mail and survey was sent to the sample of 10 managers of the registered telecom companies in U.K. 5 days after the mail had been sent, a reminder postal card was also sent to non-responders. A total of 10 requests where made whereby seven of the interview requests were accepted. As a result, the whole interview yielded a total of 17 usable responses, which included seven from the structured interviews hence it yielded response rate of 17.8% and 9 from e-mail responses yielding a response rate of 30%. So, the overall response rate was 24.3%. (Fahey 1997). Non-response bias In trying to assess the non-response bias in the mail survey, the statistical significance different tests now between the earlier responses and the later response is used. So, using this method, first five responders and the last five responders were then compared. The test of the 20 randomly selected survey items then found there was no any statistical significant difference. This brought us to our conclusion that non-response may not be a major problem in our study. (Fahey 1997). Literature review According to Jackson (2002), total quality management is one of the management approaches applied by firms in seeking to establish zero defects when running your business. It comprises of team leadership, worker empowerment, and creative problem solving in order to achieve its set goals. These programs are now available in marketing, production, customer support, and finance. A TQM program includes all aspect s of organizations operations, which include, the structure of the company, the culture the company has developed, and its hiring and promotional practices. TQM evolved from the quality assurance methods that were first developed during the First World War. It was as a result of these was which led to large-scale manufacturing efforts that produced poor quality of goods and services in the world. Principles of total quality man

Heteronormativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Heteronormativity - Essay Example Despite the increased visibility of gay men and lesbian women, there remains no definition of family in the public consciousness that refers to same-sex couples with children. In fact, in the not too distant past, the notions of lesbian mothers/homosexual fathers or lesbian/homosexual families would have been nonexistent. This culture of heteronormativity (Gamson, 2000) dictates that a viable family consist of a heterosexual mother and a father raising children together. Heterosexuality and heterosexual forms of relating are the norm.1 All other forms of relational experience are thus viewed in contrast. For example, the descriptive term "couples" means heterosexual couples, then, there are gay and lesbian couples. Families are nuclear and headed by two heterosexual parents, then, there are gay and lesbian families. Similarly, "woman" means a heterosexual woman, then, there is the lesbian. Heteronormativity supports the dominant norm of heterosexuality by marginalizing any relational structure that defies it.2 A review of the family therapy literature bears this out; until recently the concept of the gay/lesbian family has been virtually unheard of in the family therapy field. This fact was confirmed by two research studies. Allen and Demo3 and Clark and Serovich found that the marriage and family therapy fields generally ignored gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues. For example, Clark and Serovich surveyed 17 journals published from 1975 to 1995. Of the 13,217 articles published, only 77, or 0.006% focused on gay/lesbian issues, used a gay/lesbian sample, or included sexual orientation as a variable.4 Goodrich (2003) cited the availability of only two early texts on working with lesbian couples in family therapy as an indication of the intense homophobia in the field from the 1960s to the 1990s.5 Proceeding from the above stated, heteronormativity has determined that unless the word gay is attached, marriage implies heterosexual marriage. Heterosexuality is the norm. Indeed, as Warner (1993) pointed out, "humanity and heterosexuality are synonymous."6 This notion of heterosexuality goes far beyond the institutions that marginalize and punish any relationship viewed as other. In this vein, heterosexuality is, of itself, a social and political organizing principle.7 Intrinsically linked to the structures of male dominance, heterosexuality can be viewed as a dictatorial patriarchal institution.8 Rich described this culture of compulsory heterosexuality as a powerful cluster of forces within which women have been convinced of the inevitability of both marriage and sexual orientation toward men. Thus, there have been very few attempts to explain how an individual develops a heterosexual orientation.9 Research into the development of heterosexuality is limited by the belief that it is natural and when it focuses upon homosexuality, persistently views it as deviant. Thus, implicit in discussions about sexual orientation is the notion that heterosexuality is both normal and mentally healthy, and that non-heterosexuals are abnormal and psychologically disabled.10 In direct relation to the homosexual/heterosexual categories, Rothblum (2000) pointed out that in a categorical definition of sexual orientation behavior, desire, and identity are assumed to be congruent.11 This is disputed by research.

Yanan Era (how did the Chinese Communist Party develop its political Research Paper

Yanan Era (how did the Chinese Communist Party develop its political strategy during the Yanan era) - Research Paper Example During the long march, the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the red army created a well-established Yan’an spirit, which could later thrive in among the young revolutionaries. They had vision and desire for a better nation fighting for what they believed was a worthy cause, to defeat Japanese and Nationalist armies through the civil war for the revolutionary victory of 1949. The inspirational Yan’an era was fundamental in establishing the Peoples Republic of China through the 1950s. Therefore, in tracking the Chinese Communist Party development, it is essential for one to understand the Yan’an era, particularly the leadership of Mao, his theories and teachings, and ways of ruling like use of threats and elimination. The Yanan spirit played a great role in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, and it is even visible in modern day China. After the destruction of the Jiangxi Soviet, the red army marched to Yan’an in northern Shaanxi, where their communist ideologies could be reborn. Yan’an presented the ideal place to stage the communist revolution as it was a peasantry area that was famine and drought ridden. The peasant population worked for Mao and his group as they were easy targets that could accept revolutionary ideas in agriculture. The turning point of the Chinese Communist Party will always be attributed to the long march of the red army to Yan’an. The choice of Yan’an provided a base where the communist would reorganize and rebuild the resistance to the Guomindang Nationalists and the Japanese imperialist1. It was to be the center of communist teachings and development of the theory. After arriving at Yan’an, the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party was in a state of instability, and although Mao Zedong ascended to leadership, there was still more that needed to be mended. He had to deal with factions of the 28 Bolsheviks that had arrived from Moscow to

Technology and its Effects on Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology and its Effects on Privacy - Essay Example The Internet has played a major role in making this happen, since most people from different world regions will easily link up today by using the E-mail and other social network sites, including Facebook and MySpace. However, the use of information and information transmission through technology use has resulted in major problems regarding ethics and jurisdiction. These problems are mainly concerned with the right of privacy and the right of access to information, which are threatened by the current free flow of information, as well as the safeguarding of the financial interests of the owners of intellectual property. This essay mainly focuses on how people lose their privacy by putting all their information online, including in social network sites such as Facebook, and how this and similar technology influence people negatively, thus, endangering the human race. The present generation is known to be dependent on technology more than the past generations. Therefore, most of the vari ous problems that arise in the world today are based on technology. Unlike the past decades where technology was used in moderation, the present generation has informationalized most of its activities. According to Coughlan, this rampant use and increasing inventions in technology put the human race in danger. The overuse and misuse of technology by humans might lead to the extinction of the human race in future (n.pag.). Therefore, in regard to the privacy issue, various technologies today infringe people’s privacy, obtaining their personal information, which is highly sensitive. Additionally, different countries get the sensitive online information about other countries, which they consider their foes, through the Internet. Therefore, the party that retrieved the information online might use this information for different purposes. Nonetheless, a negative and malicious use of this information might result in negative effects for the individual or the country that was tracke d. Coughlan notes that today, computer technology can manipulate the real world, and, therefore, misguided intentions of computer use might be detrimental to the human race. With an increased advancement in technology, which might be lethal if misused, the humanity of this generation poses a threat to its own survival (Coughlan n.pag.). The issue of privacy has existed in the world since the development of information technology, computing, as well as the digital media. Today, social computing, email, mobile data, cookies, GPS, and networked video and audio capture among others are the examples of technologies, which have a negative impact on the users regarding their privacy (Lohr n.pag.). These technologies allow to mine the user’s information, as some of them monitor and keep surveillance of communication and data. In addition, the people using these technologies make it easier for their identity to be established, as they post their personal information and share it with other users. According to Lohr, most online activities a person is engaged in often lead to the diminishing of their level of privacy (n.pag.). For instance, Internet sites such as Facebook and Twitter require one to share most of their personal information such as birthday details with other friends. In this case, most people share their photos, photos of their families, gossipping at their work place and school, among other social and personal information. According to Lohr, when people engage in such self-revelation, it becomes easier for computers to assemble their information

Prior Knowledge That Is Required before Using the Toaster Essay

Prior Knowledge That Is Required before Using the Toaster - Essay Example The memo is summed up in one page and also contains the name of the group members. A toaster is an electronic gadget that allows you to cook, bake, and boil your food. It is important to have a toaster in your house but before buying a toaster one should decide on whether to buy a basic toaster or a toaster oven. A toaster oven can do more cooking than the ordinary toaster so if you do a lot of cooking then the toaster oven is ideal for you. If you want to cook for a crowd of people then a toaster oven will most likely suit you more than the normal oven. A toaster oven is not very different from the normal oven that is found in most of the kitchens. However, it should be known that not all cooking can be done using the toaster oven and so some cooking should be done using the normal oven or cooker (David 8). When you buy a toaster you are given a short wire cord to prevent the chances of tripping in the event where someone becomes tangled with the wire. However, longer cords are available but should be used with a lot of care. When one uses a longer cord, it is advisable that one checks the marked electrical rating and make sure that it is twice that of the toaster oven. The appliance always has a polarized plug and so this makes it safe especially for fitting it to a polarized end. If you try to fix it and it does not fit then contact a qualified electrician and never try to force it (David 34). A toaster makes toasting much easier and faster than before. The toaster also has an easy to clean interior that wipes the interior of the toaster clean at once. The toaster is also big enough to let you bake an entire meal once without having to split the number of cooking. Baking: this is the function that can be used the same way that you would use your normal kitchen. When baking using the toaster, remember to prepare what you want to bake then preheat the toaster for five to ten minutes.  Ã‚  

Care from the patients perspective - diabetes Essay

Care from the patients perspective - diabetes - Essay Example When there is inadequate insulin glucose cannot enter their body’s cells, and so builds up in their blood and is unable to be used as fuel. In some cases, the patient’s body is producing enough insulin but it is not working properly. This is known as insulin resistance. The two most common types of the condition are Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a complicated disease that medical professionals and scientists are just beginning to understand in terms of its causes. Although symptoms and treatment options are more clear, there are also a multiplicity of these, as well as different types of diabetes. The more common type is Type 2, so the current report focuses mainly on this type. Basically what both types share, in that they are related, is a defining feature of diabetes itself: in cases of diabetes, the body cannot handle or regulate its own blood glucose levels. Glucose, which is given to the body in the form of sugar, is what causes the body to have energy required for tasks of everyday life. This report looks primarily at the causes of diabetes as well as some common treatments today, with a focus on developing more patient-centered care in the UK to address this growing problem, and provide more respect for unique needs of minorities. Patient needs In terms of person and health, the core concepts of healthcare work, these are very interrelated. To me, person means centering on the client. Patient-centered communication is the key to social work implementation and focus, but there are healthcare settings that have different policies. In a client-oriented method, a facility could have different types of patients whose needs differ. This is an increasingly salient option in a setting in which patient attenuation has become a watch-word, and patient attenuation is another facet of the modern healthcare organization that tends to unify rather than divide care priorities. For example, accounting for patient needs it is a major par t of safety at healthcare institutions. Uniting concepts of person and health, one can look at how resistance can particularly impact care of facility residents, by examining morbidity and mortality rates. Diabetes mellitus exists when a patient has a deficiency of insulin or the resistance to insulin in their system, and it may result in symptoms such as an inordinate amount of urination and the patient’s being constantly thirsty as well as other problems. These symptoms are common to diabetes mellitus, but in the case of diabetes insipidus, another type of diabetes, there is no insulin deficiency. Changes in policy In healthcare in the UK generally, a shift towards patient-centered policy has occurred in recent years. To avoid resistance as counterproductive, a patient-centered approach is used, basically, that concentrates on the ways in which patients can help themselves by finding solutions that improve their health and construction of reality. This is a basically optimi stic assumption that object relation has as its impetus, in that the patients are expected to be cooperative and provide meaningful solutions that are assumedly more direct and experiential than an interruptive codified presentation that is staff-centered. In this method, the

A comparison of Old Mrs Chundle Essay Example for Free

A comparison of Old Mrs Chundle Essay Old Mrs Chundle is a short story set in a village in southern England. It was written by Thomas Hardy between 1880 and 1890. It is a story of a kind popular at that time, a gripping story which is amusing but also has a character we can sympathise with. It is set against the background of country people to whom religion and the clergymen who represented religion were very important. Clergymen were treated with great respect and people attended church services regularly, with the church activities being a main focus of their lives. This was especially the case in rural communities. A Visit of Charity is a short story set in a very different place, a small town in America in 1949. It concerns the activities of a Campfire Girl, which is a kind of Girl Guide, and the sort of group which middle class girls of that time would join. These girls would take the aims and activities of the Campfire Girls seriously, and the story is about Marian, who is visiting the elderly in order to acquire points. She needs points to obtain a badge. Both stories have a common thread which makes them comparable, although they are so different attitudes to and treatment of the elderly and to charity, in the sense of caring for the elderly. Both concern the interactions between a do- gooder ( Hardys curate) and Weltys Marian) and old ladies (Mrs Chundle and the old ladies in the Home) In Old Mrs Chundle we meet the curate, new to the parish, who wants to create a good impression, certainly to his superiors. He is a refined young man who sketches he thought he would make a little water colour sketch. He does not speak in the dialect of the locals which shows how he is socially above them and more educated than them. He uses patronising phrases such as my good woman. He is not able to understand what makes a person like Mrs Chundle tick, as he does not have any experience. The rector, who is from the same social background as the curate, has learned a few things from experience, and warns the curate you should have left the old woman alone. The curate cannot understand why anyone would lie about going to church. He is not able to cope when things become difficult or messy and he gives up. When the smell of Mrs Chundles oniony breath blasts into his face from the ear trumpet, such a unpleasant incident as could be expected from an elderly person, is outside of the curates ideal world. He is disheartened and discouraged easily when faced with a setback. He immediately plans to back out of helping Mrs Chundle, preferably without telling her. This shows the curate as a rather cowardly person. It would have been better for him to explain to Mrs Chundle that his idea had not worked, and that he would try to think of something else. He only wants to help her in a superficial way in order to promote himself as doing the job as he thinks it should be done. He cannot cope. He avoids going to see Mrs Chundle after the pipe is removed so as not to have to discuss it with her, and by the time he does go, she is dead. He then feels guilty at having let her down and that she thought so highly of him she put him in her Will, and kneels in prayer. However this is only for some minutes, then he rose, brushed the knees of his trousers and walked on. In other words, he brushed Mrs Chundle away. The image of him brushing dust off his trousers is a symbol of brushing away the old lady. However, the death of Mrs Chundle upset him his eyes were wet and Hardy tells us that the curate was a meek young man. The curate stood still thinking, and perhaps he was considering how badly he had handled the situation. Hardy leaves us to wonder whether the curate really does not care about what has happened, or whether during his reflections he has considered better ways of dealing with people in the future. Mrs Chundle is portrayed as an independent and capable old lady she grows and cooks her own food, and runs a comfortable home. She respects the clergy I dont want to eat with my betters. She has never travelled. No one seems to have helped her overcome her deafness and she is pleased by the curates efforts, enough to put him in he Will. Yet she does have neighbours who care about her. The gulf between the social class of Mrs Chundle and the curate is emphasised by the fact that he is never named and she is. Marian, in A Visit of Charity is by contrast a young teenager. She is going to visit some old ladies whom she does not know in a Home, for the purpose of earning Campfire Girl points. She does not really want to do this as she is frightened of what she might find. She only takes a plant to earn an extra point. Her main interest is to get away as quickly as possible- any old lady will do. She probably feels under pressure from the girls in her group to acquire these points, so as to be the same as all the other Campfire Girls. The nurse at the home is impersonal and cold. She is not very responsive to Marion as she has seen Campfire Girls before and knows why they have come. She represents the institution she is dress in white (a cold colour) her hair is like a sea wave (the sea is cold and you can drown in it). The language used in the two stories helps to set the scenes and enable the reader to picture the situations and understand the characters. In A Visit of Charity, the scene is set at the beginning as a very cold day. The American term Campfire Girl shows us that the story is set in America and the description of Marions clothes gives us an idea that the time is late 1940s to 1950s. The atmosphere in the story is cold. The Home is on the outskirts of the town, isolated rather than in the cosy centre. The city is said, ironically, to have beautified the Home with dark prickly shrubs. The author uses the ideas of hot and cold, light and dark to paint a rather grim forboding picture of the Home. The character of the nurse is given formal language, which symbolizes the coldness of the Home. She speaks curtly and strangely formallyAquainted. Instead of do you know or have you met. She refers to the plant by its Latin name multiflora cineraria instead of as a pretty plant. She says Visitor! to the old ladies, as if this was a command instead of an introduction. The nurses speech is short sharp and sparse which is unfriendly. Her mode of speaking adds to our image of the treatment of the old ladies being a time wasting duty or unpleasant job rather than them being treated as people who need care. The two old ladies have a conversation rather in which they repeat what each other say Did not Did so. Pretty flowers they are not pretty. By use of this kind of repetition, there is emphasis on the pointlessness of the conversation, and the pattern of the words, pretty and not pretty draws the readers attention to this. One of the old ladies refers to the plant as stinkweed and the adjective stink could refer to the ladies or to the Home. During the visit, in the old ladies room, Marion has difficulty speaking Marion breathed. She also forgot her own name. Yet a sharp contrast is presented when she leaves the Home to go back into her own world, because she shouts a command to the bus driver wait for me. In the Hardy story, the language often reflects the different age in which the story was written and uses words or constructions which strike us as old fashioned for example, had not been a week passed on his way hither. The curate had a cambric handkerchief. The language used in the speech of Mrs Chundle is strange to us but if read aloud, the patterns reflect her west country dialect. The words given to the curate and to the rector contain only formal language ,similar to the story itself. The language is quite stilted, compared with that in A Visit of Charity, which is more similar to todays language. Hardy conveys the warmth of Mrs Chundle in her dialect, and in the detail of her home a wood fire sounds cosy. Her foods are warm boiled bacon onion stew and they are homely. The rector is put across as a warmer, gentler character than the curate. The rector has been in his job for thirteen years which conveys an older more experience man. He chuckles which softens him compared to the curate. Old Mrs Chundle consists of formal old fashioned English, and speech dialect. A Visit of Charity consists of less formal English, because it is American and was written later. The speech is not in dialect. There is more variety of language in Old Mrs Chundle. The old ladies in A Visit of Charity are portrayed as insane and physically repulsive like a sheep bleating. The Home is horrible. It smells like the interior of a clockThe old ladys hands were claws and one of them screamed. The whole place made Marian feel sick. Eventually Marian escaped through the heavy door. The whole experience made her scared of old people, since these old ladies were presented as being so unpleasant and frightening. The grimness of the Home is conveyed by the imagery of the heavy door through which Marion escapes (as if from a prison). The picture is completed by the prickly plant outside of the heavy door. If the Home were warm and welcoming and a kindly place, the door would have been described as being made of a warm type of wood and there would have been pretty or attractive plants and flowers as a welcoming sign. The imagery of a kind of prison frontage, coupled with the day being cold gives us an impression of the attitudes of the Home. Whilst Mrs Chundle is portrayed as an eccentric deaf old lady, she is shown as real and warm, with a home. She has neighbours and is part of a community. The curate tried to bring her into the church. However, the old ladies in A Visit of Charity are portrayed as mad and disgusting, made more so by their horrible uncaring surroundings and impersonal carers. The two stories show how care of the elderly had changed in the years between when they were written from being respected within a community to being degraded in a Home, and only visited for the visitors motives. At least the curate, although he does not entirely have Mrs Chundles welfare as his main concern, does do something to help her, but nothing is done for the old ladies in the Home. A further contrast between the two stories is shown in the way we are introduced to the elderly people. In Mrs Chundle, our character is referred to by name frequently and she has a charming way of speaking in the west country dialect; dialects often depict warm, simple types of people. In A Visit of Charity the nurse tells Marion there are two in each room and Marion wonders of what are there two. The nurse is actually referring to elderly people but shows by this expression no respect for them. She also does not greet them by name she rudely announces visitor not even explaining who the visitor is. This shows how the old ladies in the Home are regarded with contempt and as of low importance, certainly not as proper human beings. The thoughts of Marion likening some of her experiences in the Home to sheep and bleating enhances the impression conveyed to us of the care or other wise of the elderly ladies. One old lady does refer to her room mate as old Addie but it is not clear whether that really is her name or just ranting on the part of the old lady. These two stories illustrate the giving of charity in different ways. In the Old Mrs Chundle, the curate tries to help the old lady mostly because it is his job, but she is shown as being in a community that cares. Although the efforts of the curate were short lived and perhaps not from purely selfless motives, the neighbours cared for her and she lived in her own home and was happy in her own way. The curate was not really cruel to her and she appreciated him more than he deserved. However, in A Visit of Charity no caring character appears and no character gives anything to the old ladies the nurse is doing a pain job and the girl is gaining points for herself. The old ladies get nothing from these two people. It is probably rare for anybody to totally give of themselves for nothing in return, but in these two stories, the character who gains most is clearly Mrs Chundle. The stories illustrate the fact that the best care and concern comes not from paid workers ( curates or nurses) but from the people in the community (in the Hardy story the neighbours, but they could be family). Care of the elderly in the late nineteenth century rural England and immediately post war America is not really comparable. However, there has been for many years a decline in care in communities and the help of neighbours family or religious organisation and an increase in care from social workers medical workers and paid homes. This is a trend in societies in the western world, where the elderly are increasingly thought of a nuisances (the government does not want to increase the Old Age Pensions as it thinks the money can be better spent, and hospitals do not want to treat old people as some doctors find it more cost effective if the old person dies) rather than as assets to be respected for their knowledge and experience. The contrasts in attitudes to and care of the elderly in the two stories studied reflect these trends.

The Modern Machiavellian Prince

The Modern Machiavellian Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Machiavelli wrote The Prince as an instruction manual for all princes to use as a rule book for ruling successfully. Machiavelli stressed the importance of stability in a kingdom and for the ruler to have complete control over his entire kingdom. The Prince was written mainly as a guide book for a prince to maintain his power and then to maintain his throne. To Machiavellis prince, the greatest good would be to have a moral and stable state so cruel actions are justified as protection. The main attribute to Machiavellis prince is that he must be loved and feared at the same time. A loved prince would result in people willing to do anything for him but they could go against their word unless he was also feared. When Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 he dedicated it to Cesare Borgia, his ideal prince. Today, the modern Machiavellian prince attributes are depicted in Vladimir Putin, the Prime Minister of Russia. Putin is loved by his people but makes n o attempt to hide the fact that his main goal is to advance Russias influence on the world and he uses Machiavellis advice to protect his growing country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following Machiavellis advice of always maintaining himself in princedom, unless deprived of it by some extraordinary and irresistible force, and even if so deprived will recover it (Machiavelli), Putin recovered his lost Presidential power by becoming the Prime Minister of Russia on May 8, 2008. As Prime Minister, Putin had more power than he did as President: Putin gained government control over the large monopolies and since nothing increases the reputation of a prince so much as great enterprises (Machiavelli) people began to trust him more with their finances. Once he had control over the monopolies, he was able to blame the collapse of the Russian economy in August 1998 on the monopolies (Russian Profile). When Putin gained control over the monopolies he was able to manipulate what the money was being used for and where it was going. With this knowledge, Putin was able to significantly reduce Russias foreign debt and gain popularity from all clas s levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After being accepted by the upper class because he did not raise taxes, Putin aimed at getting the respect of the lower class. Machiavelli states that a prince should shower benefits upon them [the citizens], they are yours; they offer you their blood, their substance, their lives and their children (Machiavelli 75) and this is exactly what Putin did. The poverty level in Russia was over 30% when Putin became Prime Minister but it dropped to below 17% when he acted upon his ideas (Washington Post). Putin perfected the system of privileges by putting it under complete government control: The system of privileges was designed to help poverty stricken people purchase the food and goods they need to survive (Russia Profile). Strictly following The Prince, Putin made sure that he was considered giving: It is a good thing to be considered generous. But if liberality is not openly displayed for all to see, no one will ever hear about it (Machiavelli). Donating money to the Russian army for many years, Putin tried a more public approach; he organized an auction. In this auction Putin auctioned off a painted that he painted for $1.14 million dollars, promising all of the money to be given to the Russian government to help repair the economy or for any other use the found necessary (New York Times). Putin was able to show people how generous he was and gain more support in the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout The Prince, Machiavelli poses the question It is better to be loved more than feared or feared more than loved? Ideally, one ought to be both feared and loved (Machiavelli 70). Putin was defiantly loved by his people but he was afraid that they did not fear him enough. However, he quickly averted their belief that he was there to be their protector. He is, in a sense, protecting the Russian people but he does believe that people should not be punished when they do wrong. Putin resurrected torture colonies which people are sent to when they commit a crime against their country. The colonies range from torture by holding heavy weights and running to some of them imitating Nazi Death Camps. Putin relies on his people to for support and if they do not both love and fear him, he could lose his power forever. After a bitter argument over who played a larger part in World War II, Putin decided to cut off all oil flow to Poland. Putin knows that Rus sia controls most of the oil and gas and can use controlling it to manipulate countries to collapse to Russias desires since oil and gas are necessities. Machiavelli states that the wise prince will rely on what he can control and not on what is in the control of others and Putin ordered a gas cutoff to the Ukraine because of a commercial dispute and not a part of Moscows long-standing campaign to undermine Ukraines pro-Western government (Washington Post). Putin finally has a weapon he can hold over every country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Putin is still the Prime Minister of Russia and shows no signs of stopping his search for power. He recently developed a pipeline through Siberia so he can control the flow of oil and gas to all countries. Vladimir Putin is a modern day version of Machiavellis prince because he is power hungry for himself but makes it look as if he is doing it for his country. The Prince is all about how well you can lie to your people. They will love and fear you based on what they see you do, not on what they hear about you. Putin embodies all of the traits that Machiavellis prince had almost five hundred years ago. Works Cited Putins placemen pull the strings Telegraph. Telegraph.co.uk: news, business, sport, the Daily Telegraph newspaper, Sunday Telegraph Telegraph. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. . Russia Profile Putins Economy Eight Years On. Russia Profile Russian politics, Russian business, Russian current affairs and society. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. . The Prince. Machiavelli.1513 Vladimir Putin News The New York Times. Times Topics. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. . Vladimir Putin Wages a Cold War With a Heating Fuel washingtonpost.com. Washingtonpost.com nation, world, technology and Washington area news and headlines. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. .

Phonics and Whole Language Essay -- essays papers

Phonics and Whole Language A great debate whether the phonetic approach or whole language approach should be used in the classroom has been occurring since the early nineteen thirties, and there has not been a definite decision on which approach should be used to teach in the classroom. To understand this debate, one must first understand the differences between whole language and phonics learning. The Definition of Phonics Many people are confused by the term phonics, because the term can literally have two meanings. As Miriam Balmuth explains, â€Å"in the historically earlier sense, the phonics of written language are the letters and spelling patterns of that language’s alphabet and the speech sounds they represent—put very simply, the sounds that the letters make (Balmuth, 1982). This explains the fact that many different written languages have different phonics systems. Some letters are used the same in different languages, but the letters are assigned different speech sounds. The second definition of the term phonics is what most people attribute to the word. The historically more recent definition of phonics refers to a technique of reading instruction (Balmuth, 1982). According to Charles Fries, â€Å"Phonics in this sense means the practices in the teaching of reading that have aimed at matching individual letters of the alphabet with specific sounds of English pronunciation ( Fries, 1963). The first definition might date back further than the second, but both are used in the instructional reading techniques today. The Definition of Whole Language The whole word approach has been often referred to as the â€Å"look and say† approach, and has dated back to the eighteen hundreds. Balmuth defines the whole word approach as â€Å"an approach that consists of first presenting a block of written language, rather than single letters, and then breaking down the clock into its components (Balmuth, 1982). Whole language is a process that teaches children to guess at words by looking at pictures on a page, memorizing a few words, and skipping over words that are not familiar. A familiar form of the whole language approach is illustrated in the books of â€Å"Dick and Jane† by publisher Scott Foresman (Chall, 1983). These books were brought about by the publisher sending out slick salesman to every school district to demonstrate how easily children could be ta... ...iography: 1. Balmuth, Miriam. (1982), The Roots of Phonics: A historical Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2. Chall, Jeanne. (1983), The Great Debate. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3. Cunningham, A.E., Explicit Instruction In Phonological Awareness, The Journal Of Experimental Child Psychology, 1990, v. 50, pp. 434-435. 4. Fries, Charles C. (1963) Linguistics and Reading. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston. 5. Hayes, R.B., Three Approaches to Beginning Reading, the Reading Teacher, 1976, v. 20, p. 694 6. McKewon, M.G., Learning Vocabulary: Different Ways for Different Goals, Open Publishing, 1988, pp. 42-43 7. Peterson, O. Program for Stimulating Phonological Awareness in Preschool Children, Reading Research Quarterly, 1988, v. 23, pp. 265-268 8. Vail, Priscilla. (1991), Common Ground: Whole Language and Phonics Working Together, New Jersey: Modern Learning Press Articles 1. Holgate, Karen. (1998) Phonics vs. Whole Language: What’s the Big Deal? 2. Schafly, Phyllis. (1996) The Phyllis Schafly Report. Vol. 29, No. 12, July 1996. 3. Unknown. Right to Read Report. Nov/Dec, ’94

Synesthesia :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Synesthesia When I was very young, I experienced a recurring dream that I was staring, entranced, at a delicate white flower. It was like nothing I had seen or experienced in my waking life, because the pristine, thinly-veined petals were such an exquisite color that it manifested itself upon my dreaming brain as a color and a sound. The white song was a single note - like a distant choir lifting its voice in concerted wonder. I would wake from the dreams bewildered at the ease with which my brain, when asleep, could produce in me a tangle of sensations I could never enjoy while conscious. The neurological phenomenon of cross-modal, or inter-sensory, perception stemming from a single stimulus is called "synesthesia." The word comes from the Greek syn-, meaning "union," and -aisthesis, meaning "sensation" (2). Although my childhood dreams had some synesthetic character, I have never had a comparable conscious experience. "Synesthesia proper," or neurologically-based synesthesia, is defined as the regular, involuntary experience of external, durable, and generic perceptions in senses not commonly associated with a certain stimulus (1,2) . Although there are numerous possible combinations of synesthetic events, not every permutation is observed. The estimated number of affected individuals ranges from one in five hundred, who perceive colored letters or musical notes, to one in three thousand, who experience colored sounds or colored tastes (2). It is estimated that one in fifteen thousand individuals experiences taste-touch overlap and other, rarer forms of the condition (2). Another, more conservative, estimate suggests that only one in twenty-five thousand individuals is a synesthete (3). While certain synesthetic events are triggered by a sensory appeal to the imagination, i.e. as an artifice of literature or art, true synesthetes report only very rudimentary secondary sensory perceptions for a given input (1). That is, while many of us associate the smell of cut grass with the color green within our internal perception, a synesthete with a smell-sight perception overlap might perceive colored shapes or textures within the external environment upon smelling the grass. Synesthesia is an additive sensory condition. Rather than replace one perception with another, a single sensory input stimulates simultaneous responses in two or more of the senses (2). It is most frequently experienced as a unidirectional condition; while one stimulus, such as sound, induces sensation within another sensory realm, such as sight, the converse does not usually occur (2).

Bill Budd :: essays research papers

Herman Melville’s Billy Budd is a story about true goodness. It entails the conflict of good and evil, but more than that it portrays innocence in its’ most purest form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Innocence is an exploitable commodity. While this is universally recognized, there are many different ways people confront it. Some people choose to embrace and protect it. While others choose to abuse it and corrupt it. Those who choose the latter are evilplain and simple. By making this choice they are reflecting not upon the innocent, but upon themselves. This reflection is humanity in its darkest configuration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Billy Budd and John Claggart are opposing forces. Billy Budd who is described as “strength and beauty. Tales of his prowess recited. Ashore he the champion, afloat the spokesman; on every suitable occasion always foremost.'; John Claggart, a man “in whom was the mania of an evil nature, not engendered by vicious training or corrupting books or licentious living but born with him and innate, in short ‘a depravity according to nature.’'; These two people who are clearly on opposite sides of the spectrum contrast one another in a plethora of ways. Where Billy is sweet, John is bitter. Where Billy is naà ¯ve, John is knowledgeable. Where Billy is content, John is jealous. Lastly, where Billy is good, John is bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ugliness that results in the death of both men portrays the triumph of sinister forces over the meek. John Claggart, who is a powerful and feared man aboard Bellipotent, lashes out at Billy who is for the most part defenseless. This is an injustice of biblical proportions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What could have prevented this from happening? Perhaps, if Billy picked up on John’s malicious intent the entire tragedy could have been avoided. But, on the other hand Billy was good and sought goodness. That is why he failed to see the evilness in Claggart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To discourage Billy’s goodness is to compromise the very thing that makes us human in the first placeHumans seek goodness instinctively. Thus, it is society’s innate responsibility to protect the good (naà ¯ve) from those who are in a position to hurt them (people with knowledge.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The significance of Billy’s death is that of sacrifice and honor. Billy’s death was, in a wordmajestic. “At the same moment it chanced that the vapory fleece hanging low in the East was shot through with a soft glory as of the fleece of the Lamb of God seen in mystical vision, and simultaneously therewith, watched by the wedged mass

Customer’s Adoption of Mobile-Commerce a Study on Emerging Economy

International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2011 Customer’s Adoption of Mobile-Commerce A Study on Emerging Economy Rahmath Safeena, Nisar Hundewale, and Abdullah Kamani Abstract—Today, mobile communication technologies provide immense additional scope for consumers’ banking transactions due to their always-on functionality and the option to access bank’s facilities anytime and anywhere. Mobile banking is a subset of electronic banking which underlies not only the determinants of the banking business but also the special conditions of mobile commerce.It is the latest and most innovative service offered by the banks. But not enough study has been done to known regarding how customers perceive and evaluate electronically delivered mobile banking services. The study considers five factors perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, consumer awareness about mobile banking and perceived risks associated with mobile banking. This study also points out that these factors have a strong and positive effect on customers to accept mobile banking system. Index Terms—m-commerce, mobile banking; perceived usefulness, ease of use, risk, awareness, subjective norm.I. INTRODUCTION The proliferation of, and rapid advances in, technology-based systems, especially those related to the internet, are leading to fundamental changes in how companies interact with customers [1-3]. Mobile phone usage has spread in a very broad manner both in developing and developed countries. With mobile communications already as a prime case for leapfrogging traditional infrastructure, mobile banking (M-Banking) has great potential for extending the provision of financial services to unbanked people through a technology that is both familiar and widespread.One of the first commercial applications of the mobile commerce was mobile banking (m-banking) [4], [5]. The rapid growth of mobile applica tions has given rise to a new term: m-commerce. M-commerce is defined as the application of wireless communications networks and devices to the execution of transactions with monetary value – either direct or indirect [6]. As the number of mobile phone users is growing, purchasing products and services using mobile phones and other mobile devices are also increasing; also the use of Mobile Banking is still in initial stages and more research in this field is needed [7].Internet banking and mobile banking (m-banking) has become the self-service delivery channel that allows banks to provide information and offer services to their customers with more convenience via the web services technology. A key component of many initiatives is the implementation of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software [8]. Many companies in the financial services sector have been quick to implement Internet capabilities, and electronic service is becoming a viable option for interaction between financial service providers and their customers [9].Customer satisfaction and customer retention are increasingly developing into key success factors in e-banking [2]. Technology, in particular, has been increasingly employed in service organizations to enhance customer service quality and delivery, reduce costs, and standardize core service offerings [1], [9-11]. Mobile banking service allows customers to manage their accounts with ease. Mols et al. , [12] stated that the diffusion of electronic banking is more determined by customer acceptance than by seller offerings.Not enough is known regarding how customers perceive and evaluate electronically delivered services. Lee and Lin [10] have also recently highlighted the need for further research to measure the influence of e-service on customer-perceived service quality and satisfaction [1]. This study considers the five factors perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, consumer awareness about mobile banking and perceived risks associated with mobile banking. Half of the people that have tried mobile banking services will not become active users.Highly publicized cases involving major security failures might have contributed to the public’s concern and lack of acceptance of mobile banking. The present study aims at examining the impact of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, and consumer awareness on mobile banking and perceived risk on the acceptance of mobile banking by the consumers. II. MOBILE BANKING With mobile commerce or m-commerce technology, consumers can use mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and laptop computers to access the internet, send and receive messages and make transactions at ny time from any places without having tied to a particular location [13]. Mobile banking is a subset of electronic banking which underlies not only the determinants of the banking business but also the special conditions of mobile commerce. Mobile Ban king has been gaining increasing popularity amongst various sections of the society for past few years, having recovered from the shock of the dot-com burst [14]. Mobile Banking refers to provision and availment of banking- and financial services with the help of mobile telecommunication devices.The scope of offered services may include facilities 228 Manuscript received July 12; revised July 25, 2011. Rahmath Safeena, Nisar Hundewale, Abdullah Kamani, are College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia (e-mail:safi. [email  protected] com,e-mail:n. [email  protected] edu. sa,e-mail:abd ullah. [email  protected] edu. sa) International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2011 to conduct bank and stock market transactions, to administer accounts and to access customized information [15].With mobile technology, banks can offer services to their customers such as doing funds transfer while trav elling, receiving online updates of stock price or even performing stock trading while being stuck in traffic. Smart phones and 3G connectivity provide some capabilities that older text message-only phones do not. The convergence of mobile communications and distributed networked computing has provided the foundation for the development of a new channel of electronic business, mobile business [15].Mobile business (m-business) is defined as the use of the mobile information technologies, including the wireless Internet, for organizational communication and coordination, and the management of the firm [16]. M-Banking is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payments, credit applications etc. via a mobile device such as a mobile phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). It is the convenient, simple, secure, anytime and anywhere banking. Many new e-commerce applications will be possible and significantly benefit from emerging ireless and mobile networks. Thes e applications can collectively be termed wireless e-commerce or mobile commerce [17]. The earliest mobile banking services were offered via SMS. With the introduction of the first primitive smart phones with WAP (wireless application protocol) support enabling the use of the mobile web in 1999, the first European banks started to offer mobile banking on this platform to their customers [15]. SMS Banking is a Mobile technology that allows you to request and receive banking information from your bank on your mobile phone via SMS [18].WAP banking is another form of the E-banking that enables the user to communicate interactively with the bank, for which client uses only GSM mobile phone with WAP service. With its options and the method of controlling WAP banking reminds an easy form of Internet banking. WAP is a universal standard for bringing Internet-based content and advanced value-added services to wireless devices such as phones and PDAs [19]. III. CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARDS M-BAN KING Technological innovations are having significant importance in human general and professional life. This era can safely be attributed as technology revolution.The quick expansion of information technology has imbibed into the lives of millions of people. Rapid technology advancements have introduced major changes in the worldwide economic and business atmosphere [20]. Research on consumer attitude and adoption of mobile banking showed there are several factors predetermining the consumer’s attitude towards online banking such as person’s demography, motivation and behavior towards different banking technologies and individual acceptance of new technology. It has been found that consumer’s attitudes toward online banking are influenced by the prior experience of computer and new technology [21].The adoption of electronic banking forces consumers to consider concerns about password integrity, privacy, data encryption, hacking, and the protection of personal i nformation [22]. Electronic banking requires perhaps the most consumer involvement, as it requires the 229 consumer to maintain and regularly interact with additional technology (a computer and an Internet connection) [23]. Consumers who use e-banking use it on an ongoing basis and need to acquire a certain comfort level with the technology to keep using it [24]. Customer adoption is a recognized dilemma for the strategic plans of financial institutions.Several studies have investigated why individuals choose a specific bank. Important consumer selection factors include convenience, service facilities, reputation and interest rates [25], [26]. According to Delvin [27], customers have less time to spend on activities such as visiting a bank and therefore want a higher degree of convenience and accessibility. The service-quality attributes that the Internet banks must offer to induce consumers to switch to online transactions and keep using them are perceived usefulness, ease of use, reliability, responsiveness, security, and continuous improvement [28].In another study by [29], they found that individual expectations regarding accuracy, security, network speed, user-friendliness, and user involvement and convenience were the most important quality attributes in the perceived usefulness of Internet-based e-retail banking. The crucial factors that affect an individual’s decision to use or not to use online services the age, the difficulties of using the Internet, fear of changes in banking sector due to technological development and lack of information concerning products and services provided to customers through electronic delivery channels.Factors such as speed of transactions or the cost of using the Internet have little impact on an individual’s final decision [30]. In the study by [1], revealed six composite dimensions of electronic service quality, including the provision of convenient/accurate electronic banking operations; the accessibility and reliability of service provision; good queue management; service personalization; the provision of friendly and responsive customer service; and the provision of targeted customer service. Perceived usefulness, security and privacy are the main perusing factors to accept online banking system [20].According to a study WAP, GPRS and 3G features from mobile devices are of no significance or influence in the adoption of e-banking services [31]. IV. RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are the two components of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). According to [32],†perceived usefulness is the extent to which a person believes that using a particular system will enhance his or her performance, while perceived ease of use is the extent to which a person believes that using a particular system will be free of effort†.TAM has been widely used by information system researcher; there is a common agreement among them that the model is val id in predicting the individual’s acceptance of new technologies [33-36]. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use is significant factors affecting acceptance of an information system or new technologies. Prior research has empirically found positive relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as critical factors on the use of e- banking [31], [37-39]. Hence an application perceived to be useful International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. , No. 3, August 2011 perceived to be easier to use than another is more likely to be accepted by users. By applying these into online banking context we hypothesize: H1: Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB. H2: Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB Adoption is the acceptance and continued use of a product, service or idea. According to [40], [41], consumers go through â€Å"a process of knowled ge, persuasion, decision and confirmation† before they are ready to adopt a product or service.The adoption or rejection of an innovation begins when â€Å"the consumer becomes aware of the product†. Consumers will seek out services which offer the best value for money. Hence, for adoption of mobile banking, it is necessary that the banks offering this service make the consumers aware about the availability of such a product and explain how it adds value relative to other products of its own or that of the competitors. An important characteristic for any adoption of innovative service or product is creating awareness among the consumers about the service/product [40].The amount of information consumers have about online banking has been identified as a major factor impacting the adoption. According to [40], while the use of online banking services is fairly new experience to many people, low awareness of online banking is a major factor in causing people not to adopt on line banking. In an empirical study of Australian consumers found that consumers were unaware about the possibilities, advantages/disadvantages involved with online banking. Hence, we posit that:H3: Awareness about MB has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB Perceptions of risk are a powerful explanatory factor in consumer behavior as individuals appear to be more motivated to avoid mistakes than to maximize purchasing benefits [42]. The construct Perceived Risk reflects an individual’s subjective belief about the possible negative consequences of some type of planned action or behavior, due to inherent uncertainty. Pavlou [43] refers to perceived system risk as the overall amount of uncertainty perceived by an organization in a particular purchase situation.The Perceived Risk associated with online transactions may reduce perceptions of behavioral and environmental control, and this lack of control is likely to negatively influence e-commerce usage intentions [ 44]. Similar is with m-commerce applications. Diffusion of innovation literature is often silent on perceived risk as a factor influencing the diffusion of an innovation, despite adoption behavior often being a process of dealing with the uncertainty about incorporating an innovation into ongoing practice [45].Services are inherently more risky than products and that the major reason for this is the higher levels of uncertainty which are associated with services [42], [46], [47]. Polatoglu and Ekin [48] also found that perceived risk was one of the major factors affecting consumer adoption, as well as customer satisfaction of mobile banking services. Perceived risk usually arises from uncertainty. Hence we hypothesize: H4: Perceived risks have a negative impact on intention to adopt and use MB. Subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to engage 230 or not to engage in a behavior.Subjective norm is determined by the total set of accessible normative beliefs concerning the exp ectations of important referents [49]. It is the person’s perception that most people who are important to him think he should or should not perform the behavior in question [50]. individual often respond to social normative influences to establish a favorable image within a reference group. Moore and Benbasant define image as the degree to which use of an innovation is perceived to enhance one’s status in social system [51]. H5: Subjective norm has a positive effect on intention to adopt and use MB.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Perceived usefulness Perceived ease of use Awareness Perceived risk Subjective Norm Fig. 1. RESEARCH MODEL Mobile Banking Adoption The key intention of this paper is to evaluate those factors that manipulate the nature of customers towards mobile banking and their growing tendency towards the online financial institutions. A survey instrument in the form of questionnaire was developed through data collected from previous studies on acceptance of mobile banking. We constructed several questions in the questionnaire based on the objectives of the research.SPSS 12 package was used for analysis. Likert scale is used in order to identify the respondents’ perceptions towards mobile banking adoption. During the interviews we sought general information from the managers about mobile banking and asked them to discuss the reasons for undertaking mobile banking and to highlight mobile banking development challenges. We also asked them to discuss the issues relevant to the future of the initiative. The questionnaires were based on customers’ intention to adopt mobile banking. Sample Convenience sampling method was used.It is a type of non-probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand, i. e, sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The reasons of using this sampling type are twofold. First, it offers an easy way to obtain the ra w data for the further analysis. Second, it saves times and costs since the respondents can be randomly selected. Choosing this campus is because of two reasons. First, those business and economics student are revealed with the knowledge of applied business and economics.At the same time, they are equipped with the knowledge of computer science, where the concept of mobile banking is not an alien for these students. Second, it was found that there is no study ever conducted in International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2011 the campus, it leaves a motivation to the research to perform a study in order to investigate the students’ adoption for mobile banking in the near future. Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents. The sample shows that the number of male (78. 84%) respondents is higher than the number of female (21. 15%) respondents.The sample shows that the largest age group that responded was from 20 to 30 ye ars of age (82. 7%), followed by age 31 to 40 (11. 5%), then 41 to 50 (03. 8%) and >50 (1. 9%). In the education background more than 55% of the respondents were postgraduate students and more than 28% were graduate students and 11. 5% were PhD students. TABLE I: PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS Items No. of Respondent 42 Male 11 Female 20-30 43 31-40 6 41-50 2 >50 1 Graduate 15 Postgraduate 29 PhD 6 Other 2 Factor loading values were obtained using varimax rotation. According to the above table, most of the factor loading for each instrument exceeded 0. , meeting the essentially significant level of convergent validity. Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Rotation converged in 6 iterations. Using eigenvalue greater than 1 as a selection criterion. Each has cumulative frequency of 21. 11, 43. 16, 52. 85, 58. 55 and 69. 94 percent respectively. These factors accounted for 69% of the variance and the factor loading were greate r than 0. 6. Hence the results show that H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 are confirmed. The results are consistent and are supported by previous studies.TABLE II: RELIABILITY TEST Determinants No. of items PU 7 PEU 5 AW 7 PR 6 SN 2 Reliability 0. 834 0. 760 0. 836 0. 600 0. 778 Demographics Gender Age group Education Percent 78. 84 21. 15 82. 7 11. 5 3. 8 1. 9 28. 8 55. 8 11. 5 3. 8 V. DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS Although mobile banking provides flexibility in performing financial transaction, fast and easy, however individuals are still reluctant to adopt the system because of several reasons. First, the security and privacy are two elements in the perceived risk. Without a proper knowledge of the system, individuals are not interested to test the system.Perceived usefulness, ease of use and consumer awareness has positive impact on the intention to adopt mobile banking while perceived risk has negative impact on it. When online banking is perceived as useful, customer’s intention to adop t it would be greater. Likewise bank customers are likely to adopt mobile banking when it is easy to use. Social influence has positive effect on the use of mobile technology as the individuals think that using the advanced technology will improve his image and status in the society and also it improves his performance.This shows that bank customers anchor their online banking adoption intention to the beneficial outcomes and ease of use process of the system. This finding is particularly important for managers as they decide how to allocate resources to retain and expand their current customer base. However, building a risk-free online transaction environment is much more difficult than providing benefits to customers. Further, the research instrument was tested for reliability using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha estimate. The Cronbach’s alpha values for all dimensions range from 0. 60 to 0. 93, exceeding the minimum alpha of 0. [52], thus the constructs measures are d eemed reliable. Principal component factor analysis with a varimax rotation was conducted. The aim of factors analysis is to confirm the construct validity of the scales could be performed adequately by using principle component analysis. In order to reach this, the minimum factor loading of 0. 6 on its hypothesized constructs is proposed by Nunnally [53]. A number of analyses were conducted for factors analysis. 231 PU PU1-0. 680 PU2-0. 681 PU3-0. 761 PU4-0. 827 PU5-0. 664 PU6-0. 735 PU7-0. 647 TABLE III: FACTOR LOADING SN PEU AW PR PEU1-0. 558 AW1-0. 50 PR1-0. 833 SN1-0. 901 PEU2-0. 577 AW2-0. 711 PR2-0. 658 SN2-0. 886 PEU3-0. 537 AW3-0. 658 PR3-0. 759 PEU4-0. 569 AW4-0. 600 PR4-0. 650 PEU5-0. 824 AW5-0. 662 PR5-0. 679 AW6-0. 662 PR6-0. 741 AW7-0. 658 Code PU1 PU2 PU3 PU4 PU5 PU6 PU7 PEU1 PEU2 PEU3 PEU4 PEU5 AW1 AW2 AW3 AW4 AW5 AW6 AW7 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 PR5 PR6 SN1 SN2 TABLE IV: FACTOR EXPLANATIONS. Statements MB gives flexibility to conduct banking business 24 hours/day MB transact ions save more time. MB makes it easier for me to do my banking. MB helps me to know the state of my account faster. MB provides me prompt and efficient services.MB provides systems to give appropriate feedback. MB gives the joy of controlling my financial transactions. Learning to use MB was easy for me. Instructions in the MB system are clear and understandable. I find MB system easy to use. MB has more flexible ways to search for information. I feel that user-friendliness of the MB website is important. I think that I am aware about the benefits of MB I think that I have received enough information about MB. I will frequently use MB in the future. I will strongly recommend others to use MB. I think that using the new MB service is beneficial for me.I have positive perception about using the MB service. MB is compatible to my banking needs. MB will allow unauthorized person to access personal information. MB provides accurate, relevant and up to date information. MB has the chance of data loss and fraud. MB needs expertise and training. MB has inadequate information on the website and less operational reliability. I trust the ability of MB to protect my privacy. People who are important to me think that I should use MB facilities People who influence my behavior think I should use the MB. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, Vol. , No. 3, August 2011 VI. CONCLUSION The result of this study shows that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, consumer awareness and perceived risk are the important determinants of mobile banking adoption. This study meets the desired objective; but it suffers from one setback. Study concludes that majority of customers are accepting online banking because of many favorable factors. 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A Pyrometer Is A Non Contacting Device

A pyrometer is a non-contacting device that intercepts and steps thermal of a radiation, a procedure known as pyrometer. Its a device that can be used to find the temperature of an objects surface. It has an optical system and a sensor. The optical system can concentrate thermic radiation onto the sensor. The end product signal of the sensor is related to the thermic radiation or irradiance j* of the mark object through the Stefan-Boltzmann getaway, the invariable of proportionality ? , called the Stefan-Boltzmann invariable and the emissivity ? of the object j^ { star } = varepsilonsigma T^ { 4 } This end product of the pyrometer is to used to deduce object ‘s temperature. There is no demand for direct contact the between pyrometer and the object, as there is with thermocouples and opposition sensors ( RTDs ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.instrumentationtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Radiation-Pyrometer.jpgRadiation pyrometerThe radiation pyrometer is the organic structure or the fluid is emitted of the temperature is to be measured and besides to focused on a thermic receiving surface, it is normally in the froth of a really thin strip of blackened Pt besides the alterations in temperature of this surface is measured. Therefore in a radiation thermopile a big figure of thermocouple in the signifier of strip are connected in the series and besides arranger side by side so that all the non junction which are blackened to increase the energy, when it absorbing ability the pyrometer besides fall within a really little mark country. The thermoelectric features of the thermopile are really stable because the thermocouple are seldom connected straight to the furnace and besides non present at a temperature of more than a few hundred grades. The thermopile has more advantage over othe r sensors, and besides give the same response to incoming radiation in the scope of 0.3-20Â µm irrespective of wavelength within the scope. The standardization of a entire radiation pyrometer is done with black organic structure radiation. For illustration the end product temperature T4 since the pyrometer is use to mensurate the temperature of a fluid or a hot organic structure, the emanation is non right known, so the temperature that measured will non be corrected and some grade of mistake will be present. The mistake are calculated and some grade of mistake will be present. The mistake are calculated as the end product thermometer temperature is straight relative to T4. E = K?„T4 The ‘K ‘ is a changeless by distinguishing we will acquire: DT/T = d?„/4?„ 10 % of the mistake in the value of emanation will ensue in 2.5 % mistake in the temperature of the radiant object that is measuredPyrometric conehypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Figure_6.gif It ‘s the device that seldom used to estimate heat work during the fire of ceramic stuffs. The cones, frequently used in sets three as shown in the illustration, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and supply a ocular indicant of when the wares have reached a needed province of adulthood, a combination of clip and temperature. Therefore, pyrometric cones give a temperature equivalent and besides are non simple temperature-measuring devices.Resistance thermometerFile: Rtdconstruction.gif Resistance thermometer besides called opposition temperature sensor ( RTDs ) are detectors used to measured temperature by collating the opposition of the RTD component with temperature. Most RTD element consist of a length of mulct coiled wire wrapped around made from a pure stuff, Pt, Ni or Cu. The stuff has a predictable alteration in opposition as the temperature alterations.ThermometerFile: Thermometer CF.svg The thermometer is chiefly used to mensurate the temperature of the organic structure. The other utilizations are a pendulum can be constructed from a thermometer attached to a light twine by which approximative gravitative acceleration could be calculated and by mensurating clip needed for a thermometer released from the top of a edifice to hit the land, in this manner, approximative tallness of that edifice could be obtained. Apart from it max thermometer and min thermometer are used to mensurate air temperatureQuestion 3hypertext transfer protocol: //i.cmpnet.com/planetanalog/2010/08/C0614-Figure3.gif Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) There are several preciseness amplifier and instrumentality amplifier chances in ECG application. The diagnosing is in a ( clinical ) Electrocardiogram with up to 12 leads. Key block lead devices are the electrode addition amplifier, high-pass filter ( normally 0.5 Hz ) , low-pass filter ( around 150 Hz ) and right-led thrust circuit. Each electrode required a preciseness instrumentality A to pull out a really little signal that rides on a 300 millivolt to 700 millivolts common-mode electromotive force. Typically, this amplifier will utilize a higher supply electromotive force to enable a high addition without inveighing the amplifier in the presence of the common-mode electromotive force from the organic structure. This A can be a distinct instrumentality amplifier or an incorporate instrumentality amplifier. Second and 3rd phase active-filter amplifiers are needed to put a really specific set ( 0.5 Hz – 150 Hz ) to capture the EKG wave signal. Basically these will be low noise, 5V amplifier with good appropriate bandwidth. In add-on, low-noise, low-power amplifier are needed for the right-leg-drive feedback map. In multi-channel from system, it normally is a 12-lead ECG proctor will be utilizing for a common users, it is to multiplex signal into a common ADC system. The cardinal typical demands for the multiplexer ( mux ) are low on-resistance and low charge injection on the system. By and large a specific mux is selected to fit the electromotive force demands of the filter amplifier and the ADC. It is besides common for multichannel ECGs to hold automated lead sensing to enable multi-configuration operations. Generally, a low on-resistance switch is used in this circuit every bit good Multiplexers like the ISL43681 and ISL43640 series are first-class picks for medical devices as they can run a scope from 2V to 12V. In add-on, they have low-on opposition of 39 to 60 ? , which lower deformation and reduces ‘kick-back ‘ electromotive force from the system. Their low charge injection of 0.3 personal computer ( picocoulombs ) reduces error part on charge-redistribution on a ACDs system. For 3-lead portable ECG application, low-power instrumentality As from a CMOS procedure may be a better choice on the multiplexers. Since CMOS inputs of course provide a high-impedance input, the demand for external is eliminated, salvaging cost. A good pick for the input amplifier can present active feedback with a really precise base line compensation electromotive force, low 1/f noise, highly low beginning, and low impetus versus temperature. What ( electrically ) is being measured? It is electrical activity of the bosom musculus as it changes with clip, normally printed on paper for easier analysis. Like other musculuss, cardiac musculus contracts in response to electrical depolarization of the musculus cells. It is the amount of this electrical activity, when amplified and recorded for merely a few seconds that we know as an ECG. How is the electrical signal gaining control? A signal-averaged EKG is a more elaborate type of ECG. During this process, multiple ECG tracings are obtained over a period of about 20 proceedingss measuring several hundred cardiac rhythms to observe elusive abnormalcies that increase hazard for cardiac arrhythmias. These elusive abnormalcies are normally non detected on a field ECG. A computing machine captures all the electrically signal from the bosom and averages them to supply the physician item sing how the bosom ‘s electrical conductivity system is working and shown on the ECG system. It show a radio detection and ranging on the system, it ‘s a heart-beat frequence rate. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maximintegrated.com/images/appnotes/4693/4693Fig02.gif Complete circuit of a functional block diagram ( ECG )QUESTION5Voltage to frequency From the BASIC of electromotive force to frequency the LM231/LM331 convertors ideally suited for in simple low cost circuit from parallel to digital transition, the preciseness frequence to voltage transition, long-run integrating, additive frequence transition or demodulation, and many other map. The end product when used a electromotive force to frequency convertor is a pulse train at a frequence exactly relative to the applied input electromotive force. The transition of electromotive force to frequency it provides all the built-in advantages of the electromotive force to frequency convertor techniques, and easy to use in all standard electromotive force to frequency converter application. Further, the LM231A/LM331A series attained a new high degree of truth versus temperature which could be attained with expensive electromotive force to frequence faculties. The LM231/331 are ideally suited for usage in digital system at low power supply electromotive forces and can supply low-pri ced parallel to digital transition convertor can be easy channeled through a simple exposure isolator to supply isolation against common degrees The LM231/LM331 use a new temperature-compensated band-gap mention circuit, to supply first-class truth over the full operating temperature scope, at power supplies every bit low as 4.0V. the preciseness timer circuit has low prejudice currents without degrading the speedy response necessary for 100kHz voltage-to-frequency transition. And the end product are driving 3 TTL tonss, or a high electromotive force end product to 40V, yet is short-circuit against Vcc. Frequency to voltage The LM 2907/LM 2917 series are frequency to voltage convertor with a high addition op A or comparator designed to run a relay, lamp, or other burden when the input of frequence reached are exceeds a selected rate. Most of the tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offer frequence duplicating for low rippling and full input protection in two versions ( LM2907-8, LM2917-8 ) or end product swing to land for a nothing frequence input. The op A or comparator is to the full compatible and the tachometer has a drifting transistor as its end product from the frequence. This characteristic allows either a land or supply referred load up to 50mA. The aggregator may be taken supra Vcc up to a maximal VCE of 28V. The indistinguishable basic constellations include an 8-pin device with a below referenced tachometer input and its internal connexion between the tachometer end product and the op amp non-inverting input. This version is good suited for individual velocity, either dual velocity or frequence shift or to the full buffered frequence to voltage transition application. The more frequence is configure and supply a differential tachometer input and uncommitted op A inputs. With this version the tachometer input may be floated and the op amp become suited for active filter conditioning of the tachometer end product.Question 6Differential force per unit area flow measuring is dependable with the assistance of microprocessor engineering discharge coefficient can be stored on the instrument and measurement temperature absolute force per unit area allows to rectify unstable parametric quantity such as denseness and speed to obtain the mass flow rate. This are called multivariable mass flow metres. The beginning of differential force per unit area flow measuring is the Bernoulli equation represent energy preservation for a fluid component Orifice home base Orifice home bases are most normally used for uninterrupted measuring of fluid in pipes. They are besides used in some little river system to mensurate flow rate at locations where the river passes through a culvert or drain. Merely a little figure of rivers are appropriate for the usage of the engineering since the home base must stay wholly immersed i.e. the attack pipe must be full, and the river must be well free of dust. In the natural environment, big opening home bases are used to command forth flow in flood alleviation dikes. In these construction a low dike is placed across a river and in normal operation the H2O flows through the opening home base unimpeded as the opening is well big than the normal flow cross subdivision. However in inundation, the flow rate rises and inundations out the opening home base which can so merely base on balls flow determined the physical dimension of the opening. Flow so held back behind the low dike in a impermanent reservoir which is easy discharged through the opening when the inundation subsides Venture The Bernoulli rule and its corollary, the venture consequence, are indispensable to aerodynamic every bit good as hydrodynamic design construct. Airflow and hydrofoil designs to raise and maneuver air and H2O vass ( aeroplanes, ships and pigboats ) are derived from application of the Bernoulli rule and the venture consequence, as are the instruments that measure rate of motion through the air or H2O ( velocity index ) . Stability indicant and control mechanisms such as gyroscopic attitude indexs and fuel metering devices, such as carburettors, map as a consequence of gas fluid force per unit area derived functions that create suction as demonstrated and mensurable by gas/fluid force per unit area and speed equation from the Bernoulli rule and the venture consequence. Nozzle A nozzle us a device to command the way or features of a fluid flow ( particularly to increase speed ) as it exist ( or enters ) an enclosed chamber or pipe via an opening. A nose is frequently a pipe tubing of changing transverse sectional country, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid ( liquid or gas ) . Nozzles are often used to command the rate flow, velocity, way, mass, form, or the force per unit area of the watercourse that emerges from them Pilot tubing The basic pilot tubing consists of a tubing indicating straight into the fluid. As this tubing contain fluid, a force per unit area can be measured, the traveling fluid is brought to rest ( stagnates ) as there is no mercantile establishment to let flow to go on. This force per unit area is the stagnancy force per unit area of the fluid, besides known as the entire force per unit area or ( peculiarly in air power ) the pilot force per unit area